The fire, which
took the lives of
Grissom, White, and Chaffee was a huge wake up call for NASA. An
investigation was launched into the cause of the accident. A
major review of NASA management and procedures was conducted.
The Apollo spacecraft was redesigned. No longer would pure oxygen
be used while the capsule was on the ground. Anything flammable
was removed from the spacecraft. NASA management was shifted and
in some cases removed.
On April 23, 1967, after a long absence, the Soviet Union would take
its
next step in the race for the Moon. A new spacecraft called Soyuz
was launched with veteran cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov on board.
The Soyuz was a remarkable advancement beyond the simple Vostok and
Voskhod spacecraft. Soon after reaching orbit, Komarov
experienced a multitude of system failures. At one point Komarov
radioed, "Devil machine ...
nothing I
lay my hands on works!"
Ground controllers told Komarov to try and get some sleep. He
would be orbiting out of contact with ground control for the next 9
hours.
During this time the attitude stabilization system failed.
It was vital that the spacecraft be kept in the proper alignment for
reentry. Without the proper alignment the spacecraft and Komarov
would not survive.
Realizing how desperate
Komarov's situation was, the ground controllers
brought in Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin to speak personally to
Komarov. Komarov's wife Valentina was also brought in to talk
with her husband.
Komarov struggled to get the Soyuz aligned
properly for reentry and on
the 18th orbit he was finally able to do so. He had to put the
vehicle into a spinning motion to maintain the correct alignment. The
spacecraft survived reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, but due to the
imprecise reentry attitude the parachute recovery system became damaged
from intense heat.
After multiple attempts, Komarov was able to get the drogue parachute
deployed but the main parachute did not. Finally, Komarov was
able to deploy the back up parachute. Unfortunately it became
entangled with the drogue chute.
With no functional parachutes to slow it down, Soyuz 1 with Komarov on
board plummeted to Earth near a town called Orenburg, Russia. It
is estimated that when Soyuz 1 struck the ground it was traveling at a
speed of around 400 miles per hour.
The reentry rockets on the Soyuz exploded upon impact and Komarov was
killed instantly. Only three months after the United States had
experienced a horrible space program tragedy, the Soviet Union now also
had one to deal with. Both programs would incur long delays.
Twenty one months would elapse after the Apollo 1 fire before NASA was
ready to send another crew into the perils of space. The
designation for this mission would be Apollo 7. Several unmanned Apollo
missions would precede it.
Walter Marty Schirra, Jr. was chosen to be
the Commander for Apollo
7. Schirra was a veteran astronaut having flown before in both
Mercury and Gemini spacecraft. He would be the only astronaut
ever to
fly in Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo.
Joining Schirra on Apollo 7 would be
Command Module Pilot Donn Fulton
Eisele.
Eisele was a rookie astronaut without spaceflight experience.
Completing the Apollo 7 crew as Lunar Module Pilot was Ronnie Walter
(Walt)
Cunningham. Like Eisele, Cunningham was a rookie. Even
though there was no Lunar Module on the Apollo 7 mission, a crew member
was still designated as the Lunar Module Pilot.
The rocket
used to
launch
Apollo 7 was a Saturn IB. This Saturn was constructed with
two rocket stages. The Saturn 1B
would not be the type of rocket that would propel later missions to the
Moon.
The primary mission objective of Apollo 7 was to test out the Apollo
command and service module in low Earth orbit.
Apollo 7 was
launched from Launch Complex 34 at the Kennedy Space
Center on October 11, 1968. At the moment of liftoff, an
unidentified
Apollo 7 crewmember announced, "Lift-off,
and clocks running."
The Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) responded, "Roger. Godspeed,
Apollo 7."
At 11 seconds, Commander Schirra reported "Roll commence."
This confirmed that the vehicle was performing its planned roll
maneuver. At 44 seconds, Schirra reported, "She's running -
it's getting a little noisy now."
At 1 minute, 18 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle experienced
max q. That is the region of the flight where maximum
aerodynamic pressure is exerted upon the vehicle. At 2 minutes
and 1 second, CAPCOM informed the crew, "Apollo 7, you are
GO for staging." Schirra responded, "Roger. we're GO."
At 2 minutes, 20 seconds into the flight
inboard engine cutoff on the
first stage S-IB proceeded according to flight plan.
Approximately 4 seconds later outboard engine cutoff was achieved in
preparation for staging. The S-IB stage separated from the launch
vehicle at 2 minutes and 25.6 seconds. The J2 engine of the
second stage (S-IVB) ignited at 2 minutes 27 seconds into the flight.
The escape tower was jettisoned at 2 minutes 46 seconds.
Communication became somewhat sporadic. At 3 minutes, 21 seconds,
Schirra reported, "Tower jettisoned beautifully, did you
get that?" CAPCOM Swigert responded, "Yes we didn't get
that, but we got GO."
At 5 minutes and 51 seconds after launch CAPCOM
radioed to
the Apollo 7 crew, "You're looking
real fine, Apollo 7." Schirra responded, "Roger, she's riding
like a dream. 6
minutes, and we're really going." Command Module Pilot
Eisele added, "This
center window view is sensational."
The S-IVB J2 engine
cutoff at 10 minutes 16 seconds into the
flight. Reporting the engine shutoff, Commander Schirra
exclaimed, "SECO!" At 10 minutes and 26 seconds, Apollo 7 was in
orbit. Schirra asked his crew mates about the ride, "How do like that
..." Eisele responded, "Man, it felt like
something shooting me clean off the seat."
At 24 minutes and 23 seconds, Schirra told his crewmates, "Guys, we had a good
second stage for a few seconds after the count and reached 2 g before
SECO. If we got information by the way on Mode 4 I didn't hear
it, did anyone else copy?" Cunningham responded, "I didn't hear it
either, and in spite of the g-load, I had no trouble reaching all the
switches and operating the time-code meter throughout." Schirra continued, "Just after the last
part, after 2 minutes, it started to read about 4 g."
At 29 minutes, 21 seconds Eisele told his crewmates, "Hey, I've found a
good place for the pens, gang." Cunningham asked, "For the what?"
Eisele clarified, "Pen, like this,
see?" Cunningham responded, "Oh, that's real
cute. That should take care of all of our pencil jazz."
Early in the
flight, rookies Cunningham and Eisele were marveling at
their initial impressions of Earth orbit. At 37 minutes and 35
seconds, Cunningham asked the
veteran Schirra, "Do you ever get the
impression that we're deorbiting?" Schirra responded, "Oh man, wait
'til you see us
pointing straight down sometime. You feel like you're doing a split
S. You know, I did that one time and I wanted to pull out."
At 59
minutes and 56 seconds, Schirra reported, "Okay, Jack, Donn is
taking off his suit now; Walt's and mine are still on. We get an O2 FLOW HI when Donn
opens up the suit, and we analyze that as the suit rate trying to catch
up to the cabin, so we are GO."
At 1
hour,
11 minutes, and 20 seconds, Schirra told his crewmates, "Look at the
sunrise, gang. There you go. That's the thrill of this
business. See it, Walt?" Cunningham responded that
he did. Schirra continued, "Hey, look at the
clouds Walt." Cunningham exclaimed, "Look at those
thunderheads!" Schirra added, "Yes, aren't they
great?" Cunningham added, "Lord - Those are
some big ones aren't they?"
At 1 hour, 12 minutes, and 0 seconds, Schirra commented to his
crewmates, "Hey,
I tell you - I think you - that Gunnar Went." This was in
reference to a comment that was made about Pad Leader Guenter Wendt
when he left the white room, while the crew was waiting inside their
capsule prior to liftoff.
Cunningham
responded, "Hey,
why are you
laughing - didn't it have to happen before?" Eisele
answered, "I
have never heard it - I just about busted a gut (laughter). It's
such an obvious pun, I guess planning is the thing -- Well he said, 'It
looks like Gunnar's going' and you said, 'Yes, I think Gunnar Went.'"
Schirra overcome with laughter pleaded for them to stop, "Listen, you're
breaking my heart."
At 2 hours, 55 minutes, and 2 seconds, the
Command Service Module was
separated from the spent S-IVB stage. At 2 hours, 55 minutes, and
8 seconds, Schirra asked Mission Control, "Did you hear that
on the ground?" CAPCOM Tom Stafford responded, "No. You're
saying that was loud, right?" Schirra answered, "Loudest sound heard
around the world."
The crew observed the S-IVB that they
had separated from. The
four SLA adapter panels that had connected the Command Service Module
were now splayed like the petals of a flower. CAPCOM Stafford made a
reference to a visual from his Gemini 9 flight. He radioed, "Looks like you're
looking down on a 4 jawed angry alligator." Schirra
reported, "It's
a bigger one, Tom."
The first test of the Service Propulsion System (SPS) engine was
initiated at 1 day, 2 hours, 24 minutes and 25 seconds into the
flight. The burn lasted for 10 seconds.
At 1 day, 4 hours, 0 minutes, 56 seconds a second burn of the SPS
engine was initiated. This burn lasted for 7.8 seconds.
At 2 days, 23 hours, 42 minutes, and 14 seconds LMP Cunningham radioed
Mission Control, "At what time do you
want the TV turned on?" CAPCOM Stafford replied, "Standby.
Roger, we're ready for TV now, turn it on." The Apollo 7
crew provided
views of the inside of the spacecraft with
the first live in-flight television broadcasts.
Cunningham was manning the camera while Schirra and Eisele held up a
fireproof cue card with a message. CAPCOM Stafford radioed, "Donn, turn your
head to the right. There you go. Hey we're picking up - I
can read it, just a minute. It says, 'From that Lovely Apollo"' -
you guys should right - 'High Atop Something.' I can see Wally
handle it now. 'From the Lovely Apollo Room, High Atop Everything.'"
Stafford then instructed Eisele, "Lean back a little
bit, you're too close to the camera - there you are. We'll have
Cecil B. de Stafford directing down here."
Schirra then
held up a different fireproof cue card with a
message. CAPCOM Stafford radioed, "A little closer
Wally. It says, 'Keep Those Cards Coming - Keep Those Cards and
Letters Coming Folks.' It's loud and clear." Schirra
radioed, "Yes
sir, a funny show for the entire family."
At 2 days, 23 hours 51 minutes, and 56 seconds CAPCOM Stafford radioed, "And again, I
can't tell you how good the - that TV picture looked down here inside
the spacecraft; just beautiful." Eisele answered, "That's amazing."
Schirra added, "Roger,
we have some more cue cards for later."
Schirra wasn't quite as jovial about the television broadcast
when he logged some notes with the onboard voice recorder while
they were out of radio contact. At 3 days, 0 hours, 33 minutes,
and 48 seconds, Schirra noted, "In retrospect, my
decision not to use the television camera prior to the first SPS burn
was sound. We had too much to do to get the television camera
ready. There was too much attention paid to the results of the
television camera rather than anything else, as was typical in this
pass."
He continued, "I
believe that the television should be left as the last low-priority
test objective in relation to any other event that might occur
simultaneously. Typically, with a television camera on board, the
crew reacted to it, and we fortunately had no problems occur, but we
were paying way too much attention to the TV camera and not the
spacecraft.
It was
obvious that the television broadcasts were not part of the mission
plan that Schirra supported. He finished the log with, "This is why I
object to a TV camera in the first place. A candid-camera
syndrome is a very awkward one to have in a spacecraft."
At 3 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes, and 58 seconds, Cunningham radioed, "And have the
doctors done any talking down there about the possibility of one or all
of us having a cold and stopped up ears on reentry?"
CAPCOM replied, "Roger.
They've been thinking about it and will advise."
Cunningham continued, "Okay. We've
got something on board here in a medical kit called
antibiotic. I was just wondering if we ought to be taking it or
what? So far, Wally's, I guess, holding his own on his
ears. Donn may be getting a little bit worse, and I think my ears
are still clearing up fairly well."
Early in the
flight, the crew developed head colds and it affected their
demeanor. Commander Schirra was particularly grumpy in
communications with ground controllers. Perhaps his attitude was
still affected by the loss of his three comrades in the Apollo 1 fire.
At 3 days, 18
hours, 39 minutes and 41 seconds, Schirra radioed to Mission Control, "I suggest for
somebody for tomorrow get to work on the sleep plan. You've cut
us out of an hours sleep already." CAPCOM responded, "Roger."
Schirra continued, "We all three have
our colds. I asked for an hour and a half of sleep for each of us
last night and apparently that was ignored."
At 3 days, 22 hours, 33 minutes, and 34 seconds, CAPCOM informed the
crew, "Hey, it
looks like your cards and letters are coming in here real strong over
the past 24 hours, and your TV ratings on the Monday morning show are
pretty high."
A short while later CAPCOM radioed, "Sounds like you
guys are riding in a real Cadillac up there. Things have been
going real good from where we sit." Schirra responded, "We've had some
traumatic experiences with that AC 1 and AC bus 2 slipping out.
Water all over the place, but it looks to be in good shape if nothing
goes wrong."
The new spaceship was testing out very well although there were some
issues. One issue in particular that Schirra referenced was a
water leak in some cooling lines. At one point in the mission
Cunningham soaked up over a pint of loose water from the rear
bulkhead.
At 3 days 22 hours, 52 minutes, and 1
second, Cunningham reported, "I had to use that
gray tape ... and tape that BIOMED lead together that kept coming
apart. I also used it to tape the microphone together and the
lightweight head set, which started coming apart. The gray tape
is pretty good gear."
A second television broadcast was scheduled and at 3 days 23 hours, 26
minutes, and 51 seconds, CAPCOM Swigert radioed, "Look like, 'From
the
Lovely Apollo Room, High Atop Everything.'" This time Eisele was
manning the camera.
CMP Eisele radioed, "That's right.
Coming to you live from outer space, the one and only original Apollo
orbiting road show, starring those great acrobats of outer space, Wally
Schirra and Walt Cunningham."
Schirra held
up another fireproof cue card. CAPCOM radioed, "Just a minute,
Wally. Let's see. Oh, it's a little message to Deke
Slayton. A little bit closer Wally. Kind of looks like
something about - 'Are you a, are you a --" Schirra
acknowledged, "That's
right." CAPCOM continued, "Looks like it says,
'Are you a turtle, Deke Slayton?"
Schirra confirmed, "That's right."
Eisele added, "You
get an A for reading today Jack." Swigert continued, "Here comes another
one. Walt, oh, that-a-way, that's the way to turn it. It says,
'Paul Haney, are you a turtle?'" Cunningham radioed, "You'll get a gold
star. Perfect score!" Swigert reported, "And there is no
reply from Paul Haney there." Cunningham asked, "You mean he's
speechless?"
A short while later, CAPCOM Cernan informed Schirra, "Wally, this is
Gene. Deke just called in, and we've got your answer, and we've
got it recorded for you return." Schirra acknowledged, "Roger. Real fine."
Shortly there after, Schirra asked CAPCOM Swigert, "Have you got
Haney's answer yet?" Swigert replied, "No, Haney's isn't
talking, Wally." Swigert then added, "Somebody tells me
he isn't talking, but just buying." A pleased Schirra
responded, "He
is buying. Thank you very much. Very good."
This exchange about turtles was a reference to the
notorious Turtle's
Club drinking club of which Wally Schirra held the title of a Grand
Potentate. During Schirra's Mercury flight Deke Slayton had radioed up
to Schirra asking Schirra if he was a turtle.
The proper response for a member of the Turtle's Club to give when
challenged by another Turtle member could be misconstrued if taken out
of context. The expectation is that every Turtle has in their
possession a donkey. So the proper Turtle response is, "You bet
your sweet ass I am." If a Turtle member fails to give the
appropriate response, then they owe a drink to everyone within
listening distance.
Referencing Slayton's challenge to Schirra during Schirra's Mercury
flight, Wally radioed, "Remind Deke it took
six years to get that question back to him."
The antics by
Schirra during this second television broadcast were in
stark contrast with what his real feelings were towards these flight
plan required broadcasts.
At 4 days, 0 hours, 26 minutes, and 49 seconds, Schirra reported, "We're going
through a meal now and probably have a gripe. The cracker-type
food, the chicken sandwiches: they are all crumbly, and we have a lot
of problems with crumbs all over the cockpit. We have been
rejecting a lot of this."
At 4 days, 1 hour, 0 minutes, and 42 seconds, CAPCOM Swigert informed
Schirra, "Wally,
this test here has the telescope sunlight of sight at 70 degrees, which
is the worst case, and we would kind of like to get that one in."
A miffed Schirra replied, "That's what I've
been trying to tell you. With the best case, we didn't do any
good. If you want us to do the test, all right; we will do it,
but we are kind of tired arguing with people who tell us to do
this. I'm not talking about you, but the various things you don't
know about telescopes."
At 4 days, 1 hour, 9 minutes, and 48
seconds, Schirra reported, "Jack, I would
recommend to the next crew that they try to eliminate as much
bite-sized food; that's bothering all of us already."
Schirra added, "However,
the breakfast drink is going over very well, but we need a different
type of food."
At 4 days, 1 hour, 24 minutes, and 59 seconds, Schirra reported his
physical condition, "This
is CDR. I
still have a rather thick mucous nose cold, but none of us are
coughing. We're very well rested although last night was a rather
short night; and we'll take advantage of longer hours to catch up
again. We've all had plenty to eat and drink, if not too
much. The sight of food is just too rich for us. I'm still
on aspirin and I'm off Actifed at this time, and all of us are
getting out of Actifed. We don't have enough left to keep taking
it for the length of the mission. We'll use it prior to reentry."
Next Eisele reported his physical condition, "This
is the CMP. My only complaint is a head cold, just like
Wally. I find that my ears plug up now and then. I would
take the Actifed except for running out and I want to save it for
reentry in case we need it then. Other than that, I'm in good
shape. I've had plenty to eat and drink, had plenty of
sleep. No problems."
Cunningham
then reported his status, "Okay.
I'm in good shape. I've been sleeping a little better every
night, and my ears are just barely clear some mornings and sometimes
not. I don't feel bad; I don't feel like I have a cold. I
just feel like I'm pretty stuffed up and on the verge of getting one."
At 4 days, 3 hours, 2 minutes, and 27 seconds LMP Cunningham asked
CAPCOM Jack Swigert, "Roger, Jack.
Did the doctors ever say anything about using this antibiotic as a
preventative medicine up here?" Swigert responded, "Stand by.
Okay, Walt, on that question, there is not any need to use any of
the antibiotics. They don't feel that would help or cure a cold."
It was time for a third live television broadcast from space. At 4
days, 23 hours, 9 minutes, and 5 seconds, CAPCOM Swigert radioed,
"We're receiving the picture; it's a
little bright.
Could you bring it in a little? From The Lovely Apollo Room
High Atop Everything."
CDR Schirra commented, "Roger. This is
your captain speaking on this flight, and you can unfasten your seat
belts and relax, and we hope to make this flight enjoyable for
you." Cunningham gave a demonstration of eating food for the
television audience." A tour was given
of Schirra's
instrument console and a view of some of the leaky plumbing was
provided.
Shortly after the television broadcast, It was time for another burn of
the Service Propulsion System engine. This burn lasted for
approximately 10 seconds.
At 5 days, 3 hours, 12 minutes, and 2 seconds, Cunningham had another
comment to make about the quality of the food, "Hey,
Jack. This is Walt. I got a comment on this food that you
might pass to Frank and his guys. This high-caloried stuff where
they've got everything hiked with calories, is just getting to us
something fierce. In order to get a lot of calories in small
weight, everything is hiked up and it's all got a sweet taste, and
something you think tasted real good to you, by the time you get to the
end of the bag of it, you really can't look at it - look it in the eye
very well."
It was time for another television broadcast. At 5 days, 21
hours, 13 minutes, and 19 seconds, CAPCOM radioed, "We've got
a good picture now Walt."
A video tour was given of the Command Module windows. The tour
continued with the sleeping areas under the couches and showed Eisele
getting ready for his sleep shift.
Schirra was still
not happy with what the television broadcasts were
doing to the mission timeline of other activities that were required by
the crew. At 6 days 4 hours 12 minutes, and 50 seconds, Schirra
radioed, "We thought today
was very busy, and
tomorrow we have the big burn - burn 5. We'd like to consider
deleting the TV pass tomorrow." CAPCOM
Swigert
responded, "Roger, We copy that. We are
digesting that, Wally."
At 6 days, 6 hours, 8 minutes, and 38 seconds, CAPCOM Ron Evans
informed Schirra of the decision made about the television
broadcast. Evans radioed, "We
concur on
negative TV tomorrow."
At 6 days, 15 hours, 3 minutes and 10
seconds, CMP Eisele reported, "I've
got two sleeping beauties and a sound ship."
The Apollo 7 crew was split into two sleep shifts so that someone would
be always be awake to constantly monitor the spacecraft systems.
Schirra and Cunningham were on one shift, while Eisele was on a shift
by himself.
At 6 days, 19 hours, 28 minutes, and 17 seconds, Schirra was awake and
greeted CAPCOM Bill Pogue, "Good
Morning,
Bill." Pogue responded, "Good
Morning Wally. How's everything?"
Schirra
responded, "Very good.
Haven't heard
you in a while."
Cunningham added, "Understand you're a big TV
fan of ours." Pogue replied, "That's
right, I've been running home after work, just in time to watch."
Schirra radioed, "Thought
today we were going
to try for an Emmy for best weekly series."
Pogue
replied, "I thought you were going to try for
a Hammy."
At 6 days 20 hours 59 minutes and 55
seconds, CAPCOM Pogue counted down
the time until ignition for the fifth burn of the SPS engine, "5, 4, 3, 2, 1.
Ignition" Schirra
replied, "Starting."
Cunningham added, "4 balls out."
Schirra exclaimed, "Yabadabado!"
The crew had difficulty reading the instruments on the control panel
because sunlight streaming in from a window made some of the displays
impossible to read. They had to guess when to cutoff the engine
and exceeded the planned velocity. Schirra was not pleased and
radioed, "That's your big mistake in changing
the rules real time. First off, we couldn't see the Delta-V
counter."
CAPCOM Pogue responded, "Roger. We read
that; I think that the situation is rather obvious now."
A gruff Schirra responded, "Okay. Then let's
learn a big lesson from that."
Water
leaks from the plumbing
continued to plague the crew and they often had to soak up the excess
water. At one point after the burn a pint had accumulated on the
rear
bulkhead.
At 7
days, 4 hours, 50
minutes, and 14 seconds, an irritated LMP Cunningham responded to a
procedure requested by Mission Control, "Okay,
I just might do it, but go on the record here as saying, people that
dream up procedures like this after you liftoff, have somehow or other
been dropping the ball for the last three years if they have a
procedure where you can reservice. And this is kind of Mickey
Mouse, but I'll do it if I have to. I've got the secondary step
repeated for 40 cycles if necessary."
At 7 days, 7 hours, 40 minutes, and 38 seconds, Eisele inquired, "Hey, Ron, you got any hot news for us."
CAPCOM Evans replied, "Roger, the paper says
your SPS burn was the mightiest maneuver ever made by a manned
spacecraft."
Schirra and the doctors on the ground were concerned that because of
the congestion from their head colds the crew might break their
eardrums if they were unable to relieve the pressure by clearing their
ears.
Mission
control
wanted the
astronauts to wear their pressure
helmets and spacesuits during reentry. On reason for that was a
precaution in case
the command
module should loose pressurization. Another concern was that
crewmembers would not be restrained properly without the bulky suits in
place on the couches.
At 7 days, 16 hours, 23 minutes and 58 seconds, Commander Schirra
informed CAPCOM Bill Anders, "We are very worried
about our ears. They are all blocked up with these colds.
We're having a time to get one to clear, and we are seriously
considering entering shirt-sleeve. I'm afraid that we can't quite
clear our ears on the way down, but if we do have to clear them on the
way down we'll have to take the helmets off. And then they become
a hazard bouncing around the cockpit. We feel the risk of
rupturing our ear drums is higher than the risk of injury without
having our suits on. We realize the restraint harness won't fit
us closely, and we are considering we can wear our life vest over our
shirt-sleeve clothing."
CAPCOM Anders responded, "Roger. I
think we understand what you are saying there, and there has been
considerable ground discussion regarding that." This discussion
was brought up several more times before the end of the mission.
At 7 days, 21
hours, 3 minutes, and 58 seconds it was time for another
television broadcast. Command Schirra began the broadcast by
joking, "Good
morning Houston; you are looking down the couches. The crew is
out just now for a coffee break. I think you will find that
without the crew here, there is nothing to fear - nothing to
fear. This is a taped message."
At 8 days, 18 hours, and 5 minutes into the flight the crew prepared
for another burn of the SPS engine. At 18 hours, 7 minutes, and
50 seconds, CAPCOM counted down towards ignition of the engine, "Ten, five, four,
three, two, one. Ignition." At 8 days, 18, hours 8 minutes
and 21 seconds, Lunar Module Pilot Cunningham reported, "Roger. Burn
complete Delta-V thrust A and B off."
At 10 days, 19 hours, 43 minutes, and 33 seconds, the Command Module
separated from the Service Module in preparation for reentry.
Entry interface with the Earth's atmosphere occurred at 10 days, 19
hours, 53 minutes, and 27 seconds. 400,000 feet is the the
altitude that is considered entry interface.
Apollo 7 entered a communication blackout at 10 days 19 hours, 54
minutes and 58 seconds. This blackout is caused by the ionization
cloud the envelopes the spacecraft during reentry. Apollo 7
exited the blackout at 10 days, 19 hours, 59 minutes, and 46 seconds.
The drogue parachute was deployed from the Command Module at
10 days,
20 hours, 3 minutes and 23 seconds. This was followed by the main
parachute deployment at 10 days 20 hours, 4 minutes, and 13 seconds.
On October 22, 1968, at 10 days, Apollo 7 splashed down in the
Atlantic
Ocean. The crew had orbited the Earth for 163
revolutions. The flight duration for Apollo 7 was 10 days,
20 hours, 9 minutes, and 3 seconds.
Despite the difficulty in dealing with the attitudes of the crew, the
Apollo 7 mission was considered a success. Apollo Program
Director General Sam Phillips was quoted to have said "We
achieved 101 percent of our
mission
objectives". This success did not carry
over into the careers of
the three astronauts.
Director of Flight Operations Christopher Kraft called Schirra and the
whole Apollo 7 crew recalcitrant. Before the flight Schirra had
stated his intention to retire upon the completion of Apollo 7 and did
so. Eisele and Cunningham would never have the opportunity to fly
again.
After the flight
the crew was presented with an Emmy award by the television
industry for their live
television broadcasts from
space.
|
|